Flag indicating a message has been seen
Flag indicating a message has been answered
Flag indicating a message has been flagged for special or urgent attention
Flag indicating a message has been marked for deletion. This will occur when the mailbox is closed or expunged.
Flag indicating a message is only a draft or work-in-progress version.
Flag indicating that the message is ârecentâ, meaning that this session is the first session in which the client has been notified of this message.
Flag indicating that a mailbox context name cannot contain children.
Flag indicating that a mailbox is not selected.
Flag indicating that a mailbox has been marked âinterestingâ by the server; this commonly indicates that the mailbox contains new messages.
Flag indicating that the mailbox does not contains new messages.
Net::IMAP::ContinuationRequest represents command continuation requests.
The command continuation request response is indicated by a â+â token instead of a tag. This form of response indicates that the server is ready to accept the continuation of a command from the client. The remainder of this response is a line of text.
continue_req ::= "+" SPACE (resp_text / base64)
Fields:
- data
-
Returns the data (Net::IMAP::ResponseText).
- raw_data
-
Returns the raw data string.
Net::IMAP::UntaggedResponse represents untagged responses.
Data transmitted by the server to the client and status responses that do not indicate command completion are prefixed with the token â*â, and are called untagged responses.
response_data ::= "*" SPACE (resp_cond_state / resp_cond_bye / mailbox_data / message_data / capability_data)
Fields:
- name
-
Returns the name such as âFLAGSâ, âLISTâ, âFETCHâ.â¦
- data
-
Returns the data such as an array of flag symbols,
a ((<Net::IMAP::MailboxList>)) object....
- raw_data
-
Returns the raw data string.
Net::IMAP::TaggedResponse represents tagged responses.
The server completion result response indicates the success or failure of the operation. It is tagged with the same tag as the client command which began the operation.
response_tagged ::= tag SPACE resp_cond_state CRLF tag ::= 1*<any ATOM_CHAR except "+"> resp_cond_state ::= ("OK" / "NO" / "BAD") SPACE resp_text
Fields:
- tag
-
Returns the tag.
- name
-
Returns the name. the name is one of âOKâ, âNOâ, âBADâ.
- data
-
Returns the data. See ((<Net::IMAP::ResponseText>)).
- raw_data
-
Returns the raw data string.
Net::IMAP::ResponseText represents texts of responses. The text may be prefixed by the response code.
resp_text ::= ["[" resp_text_code "]" SPACE] (text_mime2 / text) ;; text SHOULD NOT begin with "[" or "="
Fields:
- code
-
Returns the response code. See ((<Net::IMAP::ResponseCode>)).
- text
-
Returns the text.
Net::IMAP::ResponseCode represents response codes.
resp_text_code ::= "ALERT" / "PARSE" / "PERMANENTFLAGS" SPACE "(" #(flag / "\*") ")" / "READ-ONLY" / "READ-WRITE" / "TRYCREATE" / "UIDVALIDITY" SPACE nz_number / "UNSEEN" SPACE nz_number / atom [SPACE 1*<any TEXT_CHAR except "]">]
Fields:
- name
-
Returns the name such as âALERTâ, âPERMANENTFLAGSâ, âUIDVALIDITYâ.â¦
- data
-
Returns the data if it exists.
Net::IMAP::MailboxList represents contents of the LIST response.
mailbox_list ::= "(" #("\Marked" / "\Noinferiors" / "\Noselect" / "\Unmarked" / flag_extension) ")" SPACE (<"> QUOTED_CHAR <"> / nil) SPACE mailbox
Fields:
- attr
-
Returns the name attributes. Each name attribute is a symbol capitalized by String#capitalize, such as :Noselect (not :NoSelect).
- delim
-
Returns the hierarchy delimiter
- name
-
Returns the mailbox name.
Net::IMAP::MailboxQuota represents contents of GETQUOTA response. This object can also be a response to GETQUOTAROOT. In the syntax specification below, the delimiter used with the â#â construct is a single space (SPACE).
quota_list ::= "(" #quota_resource ")" quota_resource ::= atom SPACE number SPACE number quota_response ::= "QUOTA" SPACE astring SPACE quota_list
Fields:
- mailbox
-
The mailbox with the associated quota.
- usage
-
Current storage usage of mailbox.
- quota
-
Quota limit imposed on mailbox.
Net::IMAP::MailboxQuotaRoot represents part of the GETQUOTAROOT response. (GETQUOTAROOT can also return Net::IMAP::MailboxQuota.)
quotaroot_response ::= "QUOTAROOT" SPACE astring *(SPACE astring)
Fields:
- mailbox
-
The mailbox with the associated quota.
- quotaroots
-
Zero or more quotaroots that effect the quota on the specified mailbox.
Net::IMAP::MailboxACLItem represents response from GETACL.
acl_data ::= "ACL" SPACE mailbox *(SPACE identifier SPACE rights) identifier ::= astring rights ::= astring
Fields:
- user
-
Login name that has certain rights to the mailbox that was specified with the getacl command.
- rights
-
The access rights the indicated user has to the mailbox.
Net::IMAP::StatusData represents contents of the STATUS response.
Fields:
- mailbox
-
Returns the mailbox name.
- attr
-
Returns a hash. Each key is one of âMESSAGESâ, âRECENTâ, âUIDNEXTâ, âUIDVALIDITYâ, âUNSEENâ. Each value is a number.
Net::IMAP::FetchData represents contents of the FETCH response.
Fields:
- seqno
-
Returns the message sequence number. (Note: not the unique identifier, even for the UID command response.)
- attr
-
Returns a hash. Each key is a data item name, and each value is its value.
The current data items are:
- BODY
-
A form of BODYSTRUCTURE without extension data.
- Net::IMAP::BodyTypeBasic, Net::IMAP::BodyTypeText, Net::IMAP::BodyTypeMessage, Net::IMAP::BodyTypeMultipart.
- ENVELOPE
-
A Net::IMAP::Envelope object that describes the envelope structure of a message.
- FLAGS
-
A array of flag symbols that are set for this message. flag symbols are capitalized by String#capitalize.
- INTERNALDATE
-
A string representing the internal date of the message.
- RFC822
-
Equivalent to BODY[].
- RFC822.HEADER
-
Equivalent to BODY.PEEK.
- RFC822.SIZE
-
A number expressing the [RFC-822] size of the message.
- RFC822.TEXT
-
Equivalent to BODY.
- UID
-
A number expressing the unique identifier of the message.
Net::IMAP::Envelope represents envelope structures of messages.
Fields:
- date
-
Returns a string that represents the date.
- subject
-
Returns a string that represents the subject.
- from
-
Returns an array of Net::IMAP::Address that represents the from.
- sender
-
Returns an array of Net::IMAP::Address that represents the sender.
- reply_to
-
Returns an array of Net::IMAP::Address that represents the reply-to.
- to
-
Returns an array of Net::IMAP::Address that represents the to.
- cc
-
Returns an array of Net::IMAP::Address that represents the cc.
- bcc
-
Returns an array of Net::IMAP::Address that represents the bcc.
- in_reply_to
-
Returns a string that represents the in-reply-to.
- message_id
-
Returns a string that represents the message-id.
Net::IMAP::Address represents electronic mail addresses.
Fields:
- name
-
Returns the phrase from [RFC-822] mailbox.
- route
-
Returns the route from [RFC-822] route-addr.
- mailbox
-
nil indicates end of [RFC-822] group. If non-nil and host is nil, returns [RFC-822] group name. Otherwise, returns [RFC-822] local-part
- host
-
nil indicates [RFC-822] group syntax. Otherwise, returns [RFC-822] domain name.
Net::IMAP::ContentDisposition represents Content-Disposition fields.
Fields:
- dsp_type
-
Returns the disposition type.
- param
-
Returns a hash that represents parameters of the Content-Disposition field.
Net::IMAP::ThreadMember represents a thread-node returned by #thread
Fields:
- seqno
-
The sequence number of this message.
- children
-
an array of Net::IMAP::ThreadMember objects for mail
items that are children of this in the thread.
Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality. The protocol is described in [IMAP].
IMAP Overview
An IMAP client connects to a server, and then authenticates itself using either authenticate() or login(). Having authenticated itself, there is a range of commands available to it. Most work with mailboxes, which may be arranged in an hierarchical namespace, and each of which contains zero or more messages. How this is implemented on the server is implementation-dependent; on a UNIX server, it will frequently be implemented as a files in mailbox format within a hierarchy of directories.
To work on the messages within a mailbox, the client must first select that mailbox, using either select() or (for read-only access) examine(). Once the client has successfully selected a mailbox, they enter selected state, and that mailbox becomes the current mailbox, on which mail-item related commands implicitly operate.
Messages have two sorts of identifiers: message sequence numbers, and UIDs.
Message sequence numbers number messages within a mail box from 1 up to the number of items in the mail box. If new message arrives during a session, it receives a sequence number equal to the new size of the mail box. If messages are expunged from the mailbox, remaining messages have their sequence numbers “shuffled down” to fill the gaps.
UIDs, on the other hand, are permanently guaranteed not to identify another message within the same mailbox, even if the existing message is deleted. UIDs are required to be assigned in ascending (but not necessarily sequential) order within a mailbox; this means that if a non-IMAP client rearranges the order of mailitems within a mailbox, the UIDs have to be reassigned. An IMAP client cannot thus rearrange message orders.
Examples of Usage
List sender and subject of all recent messages in the default mailbox
imap = Net::IMAP.new('mail.example.com') imap.authenticate('LOGIN', 'joe_user', 'joes_password') imap.examine('INBOX') imap.search(["RECENT"]).each do |message_id| envelope = imap.fetch(message_id, "ENVELOPE")[0].attr["ENVELOPE"] puts "#{envelope.from[0].name}: \t#{envelope.subject}" end
Move all messages from April 2003 from “Mail/sent-mail” to “Mail/sent-apr03”
imap = Net::IMAP.new('mail.example.com') imap.authenticate('LOGIN', 'joe_user', 'joes_password') imap.select('Mail/sent-mail') if not imap.list('Mail/', 'sent-apr03') imap.create('Mail/sent-apr03') end imap.search(["BEFORE", "30-Apr-2003", "SINCE", "1-Apr-2003"]).each do |message_id| imap.copy(message_id, "Mail/sent-apr03") imap.store(message_id, "+FLAGS", [:Deleted]) end imap.expunge
Thread Safety
Net::IMAP supports concurrent threads. For example,
imap = Net::IMAP.new("imap.foo.net", "imap2") imap.authenticate("cram-md5", "bar", "password") imap.select("inbox") fetch_thread = Thread.start { imap.fetch(1..-1, "UID") } search_result = imap.search(["BODY", "hello"]) fetch_result = fetch_thread.value imap.disconnect
This script invokes the FETCH command and the SEARCH command concurrently.
Errors
An IMAP server can send three different types of responses to indicate failure:
- NO
-
the attempted command could not be successfully completed. For instance, the username/password used for logging in are incorrect; the selected mailbox does not exists; etc.
- BAD
-
the request from the client does not follow the server's understanding of the IMAP protocol. This includes attempting commands from the wrong client state; for instance, attempting to perform a SEARCH command without having SELECTed a current mailbox. It can also signal an internal server failure (such as a disk crash) has occurred.
- BYE
-
the server is saying goodbye. This can be part of a normal logout sequence, and can be used as part of a login sequence to indicate that the server is (for some reason) unwilling to accept our connection. As a response to any other command, it indicates either that the server is shutting down, or that the server is timing out the client connection due to inactivity.
These three error response are represented by the errors Net::IMAP::NoResponseError, Net::IMAP::BadResponseError, and Net::IMAP::ByeResponseError, all of which are subclasses of Net::IMAP::ResponseError. Essentially, all methods that involve sending a request to the server can generate one of these errors. Only the most pertinent instances have been documented below.
Because the IMAP class uses Sockets for communication, its methods are also susceptible to the various errors that can occur when working with sockets. These are generally represented as Errno errors. For instance, any method that involves sending a request to the server and/or receiving a response from it could raise an Errno::EPIPE error if the network connection unexpectedly goes down. See the socket(7), ip(7), tcp(7), socket(2), connect(2), and associated man pages.
Finally, a Net::IMAP::DataFormatError is thrown if low-level data is found to be in an incorrect format (for instance, when converting between UTF-8 and UTF-16), and Net::IMAP::ResponseParseError is thrown if a server response is non-parseable.
References
- [IMAP]
-
-
Crispin, “INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 4rev1”,
RFC 2060, December 1996. (Note: since obsoleted by RFC 3501)
-
- [LANGUAGE-TAGS]
-
Alvestrand, H., “Tags for the Identification of Languages”, RFC 1766, March 1995.
- [MD5]
-
Myers, J., and M. Rose, “The Content-MD5 Header Field”, RFC 1864, October 1995.
- [MIME-IMB]
-
Freed, N., and N. Borenstein, “MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies”, RFC 2045, November 1996.
- [RFC-822]
-
Crocker, D., “Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages”, STD 11, RFC 822, University of Delaware, August 1982.
- [RFC-2087]
-
Myers, J., “IMAP4 QUOTA extension”, RFC 2087, January 1997.
- [RFC-2086]
-
Myers, J., “IMAP4 ACL extension”, RFC 2086, January 1997.
- [RFC-2195]
-
Klensin, J., Catoe, R., and Krumviede, P., “IMAP/POP AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response”, RFC 2195, September 1997.
- [SORT-THREAD-EXT]
-
Crispin, M., “INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - SORT and THREAD Extensions”, draft-ietf-imapext-sort, May 2003.
- [OSSL]
- [RSSL]
- [UTF7]
-
Goldsmith, D. and Davis, M., “UTF-7: A Mail-Safe Transformation Format of Unicode”, RFC 2152, May 1997.