The following subsections describe the authentication methods in more detail.
20.3.1. Trust Authentication
When trust
authentication is specified, PostgreSQL assumes that anyone who can connect to the server is authorized to access the database with whatever database user name they specify (even superuser names). Of course, restrictions made in the database
and user
columns still apply. This method should only be used when there is adequate operating-system-level protection on connections to the server.
trust
authentication is appropriate and very convenient for local connections on a single-user workstation. It is usually not appropriate by itself on a multiuser machine. However, you might be able to use trust
even on a multiuser machine, if you restrict access to the server's Unix-domain socket file using file-system permissions. To do this, set the unix_socket_permissions
(and possibly unix_socket_group
) configuration parameters as described in Section 19.3. Or you could set the unix_socket_directories
configuration parameter to place the socket file in a suitably restricted directory.
Setting file-system permissions only helps for Unix-socket connections. Local TCP/IP connections are not restricted by file-system permissions. Therefore, if you want to use file-system permissions for local security, remove the host ... 127.0.0.1 ...
line from pg_hba.conf
, or change it to a non-trust
authentication method.
trust
authentication is only suitable for TCP/IP connections if you trust every user on every machine that is allowed to connect to the server by the pg_hba.conf
lines that specify trust
. It is seldom reasonable to use trust
for any TCP/IP connections other than those from localhost (127.0.0.1).
20.3.2. Password Authentication
The password-based authentication methods are md5
and password
. These methods operate similarly except for the way that the password is sent across the connection, namely MD5-hashed and clear-text respectively.
If you are at all concerned about password "sniffing" attacks then md5
is preferred. Plain password
should always be avoided if possible. However, md5
cannot be used with the db_user_namespace feature. If the connection is protected by SSL encryption then password
can be used safely (though SSL certificate authentication might be a better choice if one is depending on using SSL).
PostgreSQL database passwords are separate from operating system user passwords. The password for each database user is stored in the pg_authid
system catalog. Passwords can be managed with the SQL commands CREATE USER and ALTER ROLE, e.g., CREATE USER foo WITH PASSWORD 'secret'. If no password has been set up for a user, the stored password is null and password authentication will always fail for that user.
20.3.3. GSSAPI Authentication
GSSAPI is an industry-standard protocol for secure authentication defined in RFC 2743. PostgreSQL supports GSSAPI with Kerberos authentication according to RFC 1964. GSSAPI provides automatic authentication (single sign-on) for systems that support it. The authentication itself is secure, but the data sent over the database connection will be sent unencrypted unless SSL is used.
GSSAPI support has to be enabled when PostgreSQL is built; see Chapter 16 for more information.
When GSSAPI uses Kerberos, it uses a standard principal in the format
. The PostgreSQL server will accept any principal that is included in the keytab used by the server, but care needs to be taken to specify the correct principal details when making the connection from the client using the servicename
/hostname
@realm
krbsrvname
connection parameter. (See also Section 32.1.2.) The installation default can be changed from the default postgres
at build time using ./configure --with-krb-srvnam=
whatever
. In most environments, this parameter never needs to be changed. Some Kerberos implementations might require a different service name, such as Microsoft Active Directory which requires the service name to be in upper case (POSTGRES
).
hostname
is the fully qualified host name of the server machine. The service principal's realm is the preferred realm of the server machine.
Client principals can be mapped to different PostgreSQL database user names with pg_ident.conf
. For example, pgusername@realm
could be mapped to just pgusername
. Alternatively, you can use the full username@realm
principal as the role name in PostgreSQL without any mapping.
PostgreSQL also supports a parameter to strip the realm from the principal. This method is supported for backwards compatibility and is strongly discouraged as it is then impossible to distinguish different users with the same user name but coming from different realms. To enable this, set include_realm
to 0. For simple single-realm installations, doing that combined with setting the krb_realm
parameter (which checks that the principal's realm matches exactly what is in the krb_realm
parameter) is still secure; but this is a less capable approach compared to specifying an explicit mapping in pg_ident.conf
.
Make sure that your server keytab file is readable (and preferably only readable, not writable) by the PostgreSQL server account. (See also Section 18.1.) The location of the key file is specified by the krb_server_keyfile configuration parameter. The default is /usr/local/pgsql/etc/krb5.keytab
(or whatever directory was specified as sysconfdir
at build time). For security reasons, it is recommended to use a separate keytab just for the PostgreSQL server rather than opening up permissions on the system keytab file.
The keytab file is generated by the Kerberos software; see the Kerberos documentation for details. The following example is for MIT-compatible Kerberos 5 implementations:
kadmin% ank -randkey postgres/server.my.domain.org kadmin% ktadd -k krb5.keytab postgres/server.my.domain.org
When connecting to the database make sure you have a ticket for a principal matching the requested database user name. For example, for database user name fred
, principal fred@EXAMPLE.COM
would be able to connect. To also allow principal fred/users.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
, use a user name map, as described in Section 20.2.
The following configuration options are supported for GSSAPI:
include_realm
-
If set to 0, the realm name from the authenticated user principal is stripped off before being passed through the user name mapping (Section 20.2). This is discouraged and is primarily available for backwards compatibility, as it is not secure in multi-realm environments unless
krb_realm
is also used. It is recommended to leaveinclude_realm
set to the default (1) and to provide an explicit mapping inpg_ident.conf
to convert principal names to PostgreSQL user names. map
-
Allows for mapping between system and database user names. See Section 20.2 for details. For a GSSAPI/Kerberos principal, such as
username@EXAMPLE.COM
(or, less commonly,username/hostbased@EXAMPLE.COM
), the user name used for mapping isusername@EXAMPLE.COM
(orusername/hostbased@EXAMPLE.COM
, respectively), unlessinclude_realm
has been set to 0, in which caseusername
(orusername/hostbased
) is what is seen as the system user name when mapping. krb_realm
-
Sets the realm to match user principal names against. If this parameter is set, only users of that realm will be accepted. If it is not set, users of any realm can connect, subject to whatever user name mapping is done.
20.3.4. SSPI Authentication
SSPI is a Windows technology for secure authentication with single sign-on. PostgreSQL will use SSPI in negotiate
mode, which will use Kerberos when possible and automatically fall back to NTLM in other cases. SSPI authentication only works when both server and client are running Windows, or, on non-Windows platforms, when GSSAPI is available.
When using Kerberos authentication, SSPI works the same way GSSAPI does; see Section 20.3.3 for details.
The following configuration options are supported for SSPI:
include_realm
-
If set to 0, the realm name from the authenticated user principal is stripped off before being passed through the user name mapping (Section 20.2). This is discouraged and is primarily available for backwards compatibility, as it is not secure in multi-realm environments unless
krb_realm
is also used. It is recommended to leaveinclude_realm
set to the default (1) and to provide an explicit mapping inpg_ident.conf
to convert principal names to PostgreSQL user names. compat_realm
-
If set to 1, the domain's SAM-compatible name (also known as the NetBIOS name) is used for the
include_realm
option. This is the default. If set to 0, the true realm name from the Kerberos user principal name is used.Do not disable this option unless your server runs under a domain account (this includes virtual service accounts on a domain member system) and all clients authenticating through SSPI are also using domain accounts, or authentication will fail.
upn_username
-
If this option is enabled along with
compat_realm
, the user name from the Kerberos UPN is used for authentication. If it is disabled (the default), the SAM-compatible user name is used. By default, these two names are identical for new user accounts.Note that libpq uses the SAM-compatible name if no explicit user name is specified. If you use libpq or a driver based on it, you should leave this option disabled or explicitly specify user name in the connection string.
map
-
Allows for mapping between system and database user names. See Section 20.2 for details. For a SSPI/Kerberos principal, such as
username@EXAMPLE.COM
(or, less commonly,username/hostbased@EXAMPLE.COM
), the user name used for mapping isusername@EXAMPLE.COM
(orusername/hostbased@EXAMPLE.COM
, respectively), unlessinclude_realm
has been set to 0, in which caseusername
(orusername/hostbased
) is what is seen as the system user name when mapping. krb_realm
-
Sets the realm to match user principal names against. If this parameter is set, only users of that realm will be accepted. If it is not set, users of any realm can connect, subject to whatever user name mapping is done.
20.3.5. Ident Authentication
The ident authentication method works by obtaining the client's operating system user name from an ident server and using it as the allowed database user name (with an optional user name mapping). This is only supported on TCP/IP connections.
Note: When ident is specified for a local (non-TCP/IP) connection, peer authentication (see Section 20.3.6) will be used instead.
The following configuration options are supported for ident:
map
-
Allows for mapping between system and database user names. See Section 20.2 for details.
The "Identification Protocol" is described in RFC 1413. Virtually every Unix-like operating system ships with an ident server that listens on TCP port 113 by default. The basic functionality of an ident server is to answer questions like "What user initiated the connection that goes out of your port X
and connects to my port Y
?". Since PostgreSQL knows both X
and Y
when a physical connection is established, it can interrogate the ident server on the host of the connecting client and can theoretically determine the operating system user for any given connection.
The drawback of this procedure is that it depends on the integrity of the client: if the client machine is untrusted or compromised, an attacker could run just about any program on port 113 and return any user name they choose. This authentication method is therefore only appropriate for closed networks where each client machine is under tight control and where the database and system administrators operate in close contact. In other words, you must trust the machine running the ident server. Heed the warning:
The Identification Protocol is not intended as an authorization or access control protocol. | ||
--RFC 1413 |
Some ident servers have a nonstandard option that causes the returned user name to be encrypted, using a key that only the originating machine's administrator knows. This option must not be used when using the ident server with PostgreSQL, since PostgreSQL does not have any way to decrypt the returned string to determine the actual user name.
20.3.6. Peer Authentication
The peer authentication method works by obtaining the client's operating system user name from the kernel and using it as the allowed database user name (with optional user name mapping). This method is only supported on local connections.
The following configuration options are supported for peer:
map
-
Allows for mapping between system and database user names. See Section 20.2 for details.
Peer authentication is only available on operating systems providing the getpeereid()
function, the SO_PEERCRED
socket parameter, or similar mechanisms. Currently that includes Linux, most flavors of BSD including OS X, and Solaris.
20.3.7. LDAP Authentication
This authentication method operates similarly to password
except that it uses LDAP as the password verification method. LDAP is used only to validate the user name/password pairs. Therefore the user must already exist in the database before LDAP can be used for authentication.
LDAP authentication can operate in two modes. In the first mode, which we will call the simple bind mode, the server will bind to the distinguished name constructed as prefix
username
suffix
. Typically, the prefix
parameter is used to specify cn=
, or DOMAIN
\
in an Active Directory environment. suffix
is used to specify the remaining part of the DN in a non-Active Directory environment.
In the second mode, which we will call the search+bind mode, the server first binds to the LDAP directory with a fixed user name and password, specified with ldapbinddn
and ldapbindpasswd
, and performs a search for the user trying to log in to the database. If no user and password is configured, an anonymous bind will be attempted to the directory. The search will be performed over the subtree at ldapbasedn
, and will try to do an exact match of the attribute specified in ldapsearchattribute
. Once the user has been found in this search, the server disconnects and re-binds to the directory as this user, using the password specified by the client, to verify that the login is correct. This mode is the same as that used by LDAP authentication schemes in other software, such as Apache mod_authnz_ldap
and pam_ldap
. This method allows for significantly more flexibility in where the user objects are located in the directory, but will cause two separate connections to the LDAP server to be made.
The following configuration options are used in both modes:
ldapserver
-
Names or IP addresses of LDAP servers to connect to. Multiple servers may be specified, separated by spaces.
ldapport
-
Port number on LDAP server to connect to. If no port is specified, the LDAP library's default port setting will be used.
ldaptls
-
Set to 1 to make the connection between PostgreSQL and the LDAP server use TLS encryption. Note that this only encrypts the traffic to the LDAP server — the connection to the client will still be unencrypted unless SSL is used.
The following options are used in simple bind mode only:
ldapprefix
-
String to prepend to the user name when forming the DN to bind as, when doing simple bind authentication.
ldapsuffix
-
String to append to the user name when forming the DN to bind as, when doing simple bind authentication.
The following options are used in search+bind mode only:
ldapbasedn
-
Root DN to begin the search for the user in, when doing search+bind authentication.
ldapbinddn
-
DN of user to bind to the directory with to perform the search when doing search+bind authentication.
ldapbindpasswd
-
Password for user to bind to the directory with to perform the search when doing search+bind authentication.
ldapsearchattribute
-
Attribute to match against the user name in the search when doing search+bind authentication. If no attribute is specified, the
uid
attribute will be used. ldapurl
-
An RFC 4516 LDAP URL. This is an alternative way to write some of the other LDAP options in a more compact and standard form. The format is
ldap://host[:port]/basedn[?[attribute][?[scope]]]
scope
must be one ofbase
,one
,sub
, typically the latter. Only one attribute is used, and some other components of standard LDAP URLs such as filters and extensions are not supported.For non-anonymous binds,
ldapbinddn
andldapbindpasswd
must be specified as separate options.To use encrypted LDAP connections, the
ldaptls
option has to be used in addition toldapurl
. Theldaps
URL scheme (direct SSL connection) is not supported.LDAP URLs are currently only supported with OpenLDAP, not on Windows.
It is an error to mix configuration options for simple bind with options for search+bind.
Here is an example for a simple-bind LDAP configuration:
host ... ldap ldapserver=ldap.example.net ldapprefix="cn=" ldapsuffix=", dc=example, dc=net"
When a connection to the database server as database user someuser
is requested, PostgreSQL will attempt to bind to the LDAP server using the DN cn=someuser, dc=example, dc=net
and the password provided by the client. If that connection succeeds, the database access is granted.
Here is an example for a search+bind configuration:
host ... ldap ldapserver=ldap.example.net ldapbasedn="dc=example, dc=net" ldapsearchattribute=uid
When a connection to the database server as database user someuser
is requested, PostgreSQL will attempt to bind anonymously (since ldapbinddn
was not specified) to the LDAP server, perform a search for (uid=someuser)
under the specified base DN. If an entry is found, it will then attempt to bind using that found information and the password supplied by the client. If that second connection succeeds, the database access is granted.
Here is the same search+bind configuration written as a URL:
host ... ldap ldapurl="ldap://ldap.example.net/dc=example,dc=net?uid?sub"
Some other software that supports authentication against LDAP uses the same URL format, so it will be easier to share the configuration.
Tip: Since LDAP often uses commas and spaces to separate the different parts of a DN, it is often necessary to use double-quoted parameter values when configuring LDAP options, as shown in the examples.
20.3.8. RADIUS Authentication
This authentication method operates similarly to password
except that it uses RADIUS as the password verification method. RADIUS is used only to validate the user name/password pairs. Therefore the user must already exist in the database before RADIUS can be used for authentication.
When using RADIUS authentication, an Access Request message will be sent to the configured RADIUS server. This request will be of type Authenticate Only
, and include parameters for user name
, password
(encrypted) and NAS Identifier
. The request will be encrypted using a secret shared with the server. The RADIUS server will respond to this server with either Access Accept
or Access Reject
. There is no support for RADIUS accounting.
The following configuration options are supported for RADIUS:
radiusserver
-
The name or IP address of the RADIUS server to connect to. This parameter is required.
radiussecret
-
The shared secret used when talking securely to the RADIUS server. This must have exactly the same value on the PostgreSQL and RADIUS servers. It is recommended that this be a string of at least 16 characters. This parameter is required.
Note: The encryption vector used will only be cryptographically strong if PostgreSQL is built with support for OpenSSL. In other cases, the transmission to the RADIUS server should only be considered obfuscated, not secured, and external security measures should be applied if necessary.
radiusport
-
The port number on the RADIUS server to connect to. If no port is specified, the default port
1812
will be used. radiusidentifier
-
The string used as
NAS Identifier
in the RADIUS requests. This parameter can be used as a second parameter identifying for example which database user the user is attempting to authenticate as, which can be used for policy matching on the RADIUS server. If no identifier is specified, the defaultpostgresql
will be used.
20.3.9. Certificate Authentication
This authentication method uses SSL client certificates to perform authentication. It is therefore only available for SSL connections. When using this authentication method, the server will require that the client provide a valid, trusted certificate. No password prompt will be sent to the client. The cn
(Common Name) attribute of the certificate will be compared to the requested database user name, and if they match the login will be allowed. User name mapping can be used to allow cn
to be different from the database user name.
The following configuration options are supported for SSL certificate authentication:
map
-
Allows for mapping between system and database user names. See Section 20.2 for details.
In a pg_hba.conf
record specifying certificate authentication, the authentication option clientcert
is assumed to be 1
, and it cannot be turned off since a client certificate is necessary for this method. What the cert
method adds to the basic clientcert
certificate validity test is a check that the cn
attribute matches the database user name.
20.3.10. PAM Authentication
This authentication method operates similarly to password
except that it uses PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) as the authentication mechanism. The default PAM service name is postgresql
. PAM is used only to validate user name/password pairs and optionally the connected remote host name or IP address. Therefore the user must already exist in the database before PAM can be used for authentication. For more information about PAM, please read the Linux-PAM Page.
The following configuration options are supported for PAM:
pamservice
-
PAM service name.
pam_use_hostname
-
Determines whether the remote IP address or the host name is provided to PAM modules through the
PAM_RHOST
item. By default, the IP address is used. Set this option to 1 to use the resolved host name instead. Host name resolution can lead to login delays. (Most PAM configurations don't use this information, so it is only necessary to consider this setting if a PAM configuration was specifically created to make use of it.)
Note: If PAM is set up to read
/etc/shadow
, authentication will fail because the PostgreSQL server is started by a non-root user. However, this is not an issue when PAM is configured to use LDAP or other authentication methods.
20.3.11. BSD Authentication
This authentication method operates similarly to password
except that it uses BSD Authentication to verify the password. BSD Authentication is used only to validate user name/password pairs. Therefore the user's role must already exist in the database before BSD Authentication can be used for authentication. The BSD Authentication framework is currently only available on OpenBSD.
BSD Authentication in PostgreSQL uses the auth-postgresql
login type and authenticates with the postgresql
login class if that's defined in login.conf
. By default that login class does not exist, and PostgreSQL will use the default login class.
Note: To use BSD Authentication, the PostgreSQL user account (that is, the operating system user running the server) must first be added to the
auth
group. Theauth
group exists by default on OpenBSD systems.
Please login to continue.