Starting Apache
On Windows, Apache is normally run as a service. For details, see Running Apache as a Service.
On Unix, the httpd
program is run as a daemon that executes continuously in the background to handle requests. This document describes how to invoke httpd
.
How Apache Starts
If the Listen
specified in the configuration file is default of 80 (or any other port below 1024), then it is necessary to have root privileges in order to start apache, so that it can bind to this privileged port. Once the server has started and performed a few preliminary activities such as opening its log files, it will launch several child processes which do the work of listening for and answering requests from clients. The main httpd
process continues to run as the root user, but the child processes run as a less privileged user. This is controlled by the selected Multi-Processing Module.
The recommended method of invoking the httpd
executable is to use the apachectl
control script. This script sets certain environment variables that are necessary for httpd
to function correctly under some operating systems, and then invokes the httpd
binary. apachectl
will pass through any command line arguments, so any httpd
options may also be used with apachectl
. You may also directly edit the apachectl
script by changing the HTTPD
variable near the top to specify the correct location of the httpd
binary and any command-line arguments that you wish to be always present.
The first thing that httpd
does when it is invoked is to locate and read the configuration file httpd.conf
. The location of this file is set at compile-time, but it is possible to specify its location at run time using the -f
command-line option as in
/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl -f /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
If all goes well during startup, the server will detach from the terminal and the command prompt will return almost immediately. This indicates that the server is up and running. You can then use your browser to connect to the server and view the test page in the DocumentRoot
directory.
Errors During Start-up
If Apache suffers a fatal problem during startup, it will write a message describing the problem either to the console or to the ErrorLog
before exiting. One of the most common error messages is "Unable to bind to Port ...
". This message is usually caused by either:
- Trying to start the server on a privileged port when not logged in as the root user; or
- Trying to start the server when there is another instance of Apache or some other web server already bound to the same Port.
For further trouble-shooting instructions, consult the Apache FAQ.
Starting at Boot-Time
If you want your server to continue running after a system reboot, you should add a call to apachectl
to your system startup files (typically rc.local
or a file in an rc.N
directory). This will start Apache as root. Before doing this ensure that your server is properly configured for security and access restrictions.
The apachectl
script is designed to act like a standard SysV init script; it can take the arguments start
, restart
, and stop
and translate them into the appropriate signals to httpd
. So you can often simply link apachectl
into the appropriate init directory. But be sure to check the exact requirements of your system.
Additional Information
Additional information about the command-line options of httpd
and apachectl
as well as other support programs included with the server is available on the Server and Supporting Programs page. There is also documentation on all the modules included with the Apache distribution and the directives that they provide.
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