exception ftplib.error_temp Exception raised when an error code signifying a temporary error (response codes in the range 400–499) is received.

locale.atoi(string) Converts a string to an integer, following the LC_NUMERIC conventions.

is_unspecified

datetime.microsecond In range(1000000).

exception NotADirectoryError Raised when a directory operation (such as os.listdir()) is requested on something which is not a directory. Corresponds to errno ENOTDIR.

struct.unpack_from(fmt, buffer, offset=0) Unpack from buffer starting at position offset, according to the format string fmt. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item. The buffer’s size in bytes, minus offset, must be at least the size required by the format, as reflected by calcsize().

class multiprocessing.Semaphore([value]) A semaphore object: a close analog of threading.Semaphore. A solitary difference from its close analog exists: its acquire method’s first argument is named block, as is consistent with Lock.acquire().

class urllib.request.FileHandler Open local files.

turtle.getturtle() turtle.getpen() Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the “anonymous turtle”: >>> pet = getturtle() >>> pet.fd(50) >>> pet <turtle.Turtle object at 0x...>

unpack(buffer) Identical to the unpack() function, using the compiled format. The buffer’s size in bytes must equal size.