Executes a statement repeatedly, until the value of condition becomes false. The test takes place before

Optimizes out copy- and move-constructors, resulting in zero-copy pass-by-value semantics. Explanation Under

A copy assignment operator of class T is a non-template non-static member function with the name operator= that takes exactly one parameter of type

This is the initialization performed when a variable is constructed with no initializer. Syntax

Template declarations (class,

The C++ source file is processed by the compiler as if the following phases take place, in this exact order: Phase 1

The preprocessor supports conditional compilation of parts of source file. This behavior is controlled by #if, #else, #elif, #ifdef

Statements are fragments of the C++ program that are executed in sequence. The body of any function is a sequence of statements. For example:

Safely converts pointers and references to classes up, down, and sideways along the inheritance hierarchy. Syntax

The noexcept operator performs a compile-time check that returns true if an expression is declared to not throw any exceptions. It