Function declarations

A function declaration introduces an identifier that designates a function and, optionally, speicifies the types of the function parameters (the prototype). Function declarations (unlike definitions) may appear at block scope as well as file scope.

Syntax

In the declaration grammar of an function declaration, the type-specifier sequence, possibly modified by the declarator, designates the return type (which may be any type other than array or function type), and the declarator has one of two forms:

where.

int max(int a, int b); // declaration
int n = max(12.01, 3.14); // OK, conversion from double to int

int max();
int n = max(true, (char)'a'); // calls max with two int args (after promotions)
int n = max(12.01f, 3.14); // calls max with two double args (after promotions)
int max(a, b) 
int a, b; { return a>b?a:b; } // definition expects ints; the second call is undefined

Explanation

The return type of the function, determined by the type specifier in specifiers-and-qualifiers and possibly modified by the declarator as usual in declarations, must be a complete non-array object type or the type void.

void f(char *s); // return type is void
int sum(int a, int b); // return type of sum is int.
int (*foo(const void *p))[3]; // return type is pointer to array of 3 int

Function declarators can be combined with other declarators as long as they can share their type specifiers and qualifiers.

int f(void), *fip(), (*pfi)(), *ap[3]; // declares two functions and two objects
inline int g(int), n; // error: inline qualifier is for functions only
typedef int array_t[3];
array_t a, h(); // error: array type cannot be a return type for a function

If a function declaration appears outside of any function, the identifier it introduces has file scope and external linkage, unless static is used or an earlier static declaration is visible. If the declaration occurs inside another function, the identifier has block scope (and also either internal or external linkage).

int main(void)
{
    int f(int); // external linkage, file scope
    f(1); // definition needs to be available somewhere in the program
}

The parameters in a declaration that is not part of a function definition do not need to be named:

int f(int, int); // declaration
// int f(int, int) { return 7; } // Error, parameters must be named in definitions

Each parameter in a parameter-list is a declaration that introduced a single variable, with the following additional properties:

• the identifier in the declarator is optional (except if this function declaration is part of a function definition)

int f(int, double); // OK
int g(int a, double b); // also OK
int f(int, double) { return 1; } // Error: definition must name parameters

• the only storage class specifier allowed for parameters is register, and it is ignored in function declarations that are not definitions

int f(static int x); // Error
int f(int [static 10]); // OK (array index static is not a storage class specifier)

• any parameter of array type is adjusted to the corresponding pointer type, which may be qualified if there are qualifiers between the square brackets of the array declarator (since C99)

int f(int[]); // declares int f(int*)
int g(const int[10]); // declares int g(const int*)
int h(int[const volatile]); // declares int h(int * const volatile)
int x(int[*]); // declares int x(int*)

• any parameter of function type is adjusted to the corresponding pointer type

int f(char g(double)); // declares int f(char (*g)(double))
int h(int(void)); // declares int h(int (*)(void))

• the parameter list may terminate with , ..., see variadic functions for details.

int f(int, ...);

• parameters cannot have type void (but can have type pointer to void). The special parameter list that consists entirely of the keyword void is used to declare functions that take no parameters.

int f(void); // OK
int g(void x); // Error

• any identifier that appears in a parameter list that could be treated as a typedef name or as a parameter name is treated as a typedef name: int f(size_t, uintptr_t) is parsed as a new-style declarator for a function taking two unnamed parameters of type size_t and uintptr_t, not an old-style declarator that begins the definition of a function taking two parameters named "size_t" and "uintptr_t"
• parameters may have incomplete type and may use the VLA notation [*] (since C99) (except that in a function definition, the parameter types after array-to-pointer and functino-to-pointer adjustment must be complete)

See function call operator for other details on the mechanics of a function call and return for returning from functions.

Notes

Unlike in C++, the declarators f() and f(void) have different meaning: the declarator f(void)) is a new-style (prototype) declarator that declares a function that takes no parameters. The declarator f() is an old-style (K&R) declarator that declares a function that takes unspecified number of parameters (unless used in an old-style function definition).

int f(void); // declaration: takes no parameters
int g(); // declaration: takes unknown parameters
 
int main(void) {
    f(1); // compile-time error
    g(2); // undefined behavior
}
 
int f(void) { return 1; ) // actual definition
int g(a,b,c,d) int a,b,c,d; { return 2; } // actual definition

Unlike in a function definition, the parameter list may be inherited from a typedef.

typedef int p(int q, int r); // p is a function type int(int, int)
p f; // declares inf f(int, int)

  return NULL;

References

• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
  • 6.7.6.3 Function declarators (including prototypes) (p: 133-136)
• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
  • 6.7.5.3 Function declarators (including prototypes) (p: 118-121)
• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
  • 3.5.4.3 Function declarators (including prototypes)

See also