Copy constructors

A copy constructor of class T is a non-template constructor whose first parameter is T&, const T&, volatile T&, or const volatile T&, and either there are no other parameters, or the rest of the parameters all have default values.

Syntax

Explanation

1. Typical declaration of a copy constructor
2. Forcing a copy constructor to be generated by the compiler
3. Avoiding implicit generation of the copy constructor

The copy constructor is called whenever an object is initialized from another object of the same type (unless overload resolution selects the move constructor as a better match), which includes.

• direct initialization T a(b);, where b is of type T
• copy initialization, including by-value function parameter passing, by-value returns ,exception throwing and handling, and T a = b;, where b is of type T or derived from T

Implicitly-declared copy constructor

If no user-defined copy constructors are provided for a class type (struct, class, or union), the compiler will always declare a copy constructor as a non-explicit inline public member of its class. This implicitly-declared copy constructor has the form T::T(const T&) if all of the following is true:

• all direct and virtual bases of T have copy constructors with references to const or to const volatile as their first parameters
• all non-static members of T have copy constructors with references to const or to const volatile as their first parameters

Otherwise, the implicitly-declared copy constructor is T::T(T&). (Note that due to these rules, the implicitly-declared copy constructor cannot bind to a volatile lvalue argument).

Deleted implicitly-declared copy constructor

• T has non-static data members that cannot be copied (have deleted, inaccessible, or ambiguous copy constructors)
• T has direct or virtual base class that cannot be copied (has deleted, inaccessible, or ambiguous copy constructors)
• T has direct or virtual base class with a deleted or inaccessible destructor

Trivial copy constructor

The copy constructor for class T is trivial if all of the following is true:

• It is not user-provided (that is, it is implicitly-defined or defaulted), and if it is defaulted, its signature is the same as implicitly-defined
• T has no virtual member functions
• T has no virtual base classes
• The copy constructor selected for every direct base of T is trivial
• The copy constructor selected for every non-static class type (or array of class type) member of T is trivial

A trivial copy constructor is a constructor that creates a bytewise copy of the object representation of the argument, and performs no other action. Objects with trivial copy constructors can be copied by copying their object representations manually, e.g. with std::memmove. All data types compatible with the C language (POD types) are trivially copyable.

Implicitly-defined copy constructor

If the implicitly-declared copy constructor is neither deleted nor trivial, it is defined (that is, a function body is generated and compiled) by the compiler if odr-used. For union types, the implicitly-defined copy constructor copies the object representation (as by std::memmove). For non-union class types (class and struct), the constructor performs full member-wise copy of the object's bases and non-static members, in their initialization order, using direct initialization.

Notes

In many situations, copy constructors are optimized out even if they would produce observable side-effects, see copy elision.

Example

struct A {
    int n;
    A(int n=1) : n(n) {}
    A(const A& a) : n(a.n) {} // user-defined copy ctor
};
 
struct B : A {
    // implicit default ctor B::B()
    // implicit copy ctor B::B(const B&) 
};
 
struct C : B {
     C() : B() {}
 private:
     C(const C&); // non-copyable, C++98 style
};
 
int main()
{
    A a1(7);
    A a2(a1); // calls the copy ctor
    B b;
    B b2 = b;
    A a3 = b; // conversion to A& and copy ctor
    volatile A va(10);
    // A a4 = va; // compile error
 
    C c;
    // C c2 = c; // compile error
}