std::array::back

1	`reference back();`

(since C++11)

1	`const_reference back()` `const;`

(since C++11)
(until C++14)

1	`constexpr const_reference back()` `const;`

(since C++14)

Returns reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container is undefined.

Parameters

(none).

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a container c, the expression return c.back(); is equivalent to { auto tmp = c.end(); --tmp; return *tmp; }

Example

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::array<char>:

#include <array>
#include <iostream>
  
int main()
{
    std::array<char, 6> letters {'o', 'm', 'g', 'w', 't', 'f'};
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is: " << letters.back() << '\n';
    }  
}

Output:

1	`The last character is f`