itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r) Return r length subsequences of elements from the input iterable allowing individual elements to be repeated more than once. Combinations are emitted in lexicographic sort order. So, if the input iterable is sorted, the combination tuples will be produced in sorted order. Elements are treated as unique based on their position, not on their value. So if the input elements are unique, the generated combinations will also be unique. Roughly e

itertools.combinations(iterable, r) Return r length subsequences of elements from the input iterable. Combinations are emitted in lexicographic sort order. So, if the input iterable is sorted, the combination tuples will be produced in sorted order. Elements are treated as unique based on their position, not on their value. So if the input elements are unique, there will be no repeat values in each combination. Roughly equivalent to: def combinations(iterable, r): # combinations('ABCD',

classmethod chain.from_iterable(iterable) Alternate constructor for chain(). Gets chained inputs from a single iterable argument that is evaluated lazily. Roughly equivalent to: def from_iterable(iterables): # chain.from_iterable(['ABC', 'DEF']) --> A B C D E F for it in iterables: for element in it: yield element

itertools.chain(*iterables) Make an iterator that returns elements from the first iterable until it is exhausted, then proceeds to the next iterable, until all of the iterables are exhausted. Used for treating consecutive sequences as a single sequence. Roughly equivalent to: def chain(*iterables): # chain('ABC', 'DEF') --> A B C D E F for it in iterables: for element in it: yield element

itertools.accumulate(iterable[, func]) Make an iterator that returns accumulated sums, or accumulated results of other binary functions (specified via the optional func argument). If func is supplied, it should be a function of two arguments. Elements of the input iterable may be any type that can be accepted as arguments to func. (For example, with the default operation of addition, elements may be any addable type including Decimal or Fraction.) If the input iterable is empty, the output i

iterator.__next__() Return the next item from the container. If there are no further items, raise the StopIteration exception. This method corresponds to the tp_iternext slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API.

iterator.__iter__() Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both containers and iterators to be used with the for and in statements. This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API.

iter(object[, sentinel]) Return an iterator object. The first argument is interpreted very differently depending on the presence of the second argument. Without a second argument, object must be a collection object which supports the iteration protocol (the __iter__() method), or it must support the sequence protocol (the __getitem__() method with integer arguments starting at 0). If it does not support either of those protocols, TypeError is raised. If the second argument, sentinel, is give

issubclass(class, classinfo) Return true if class is a subclass (direct, indirect or virtual) of classinfo. A class is considered a subclass of itself. classinfo may be a tuple of class objects, in which case every entry in classinfo will be checked. In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised.

isinstance(object, classinfo) Return true if the object argument is an instance of the classinfo argument, or of a (direct, indirect or virtual) subclass thereof. If object is not an object of the given type, the function always returns false. If classinfo is a tuple of type objects (or recursively, other such tuples), return true if object is an instance of any of the types. If classinfo is not a type or tuple of types and such tuples, a TypeError exception is raised.