wsgiref.handlers.read_environ() Transcode CGI variables from os.environ to PEP 3333 “bytes in unicode” strings, returning a new dictionary. This function is used by CGIHandler and IISCGIHandler in place of directly using os.environ, which is not necessarily WSGI-compliant on all platforms and web servers using Python 3 – specifically, ones where the OS’s actual environment is Unicode (i.e. Windows), or ones where the environment is bytes, but the system encoding used by Python to decode it i

makeSocket() This is a factory method which allows subclasses to define the precise type of socket they want. The default implementation creates a TCP socket (socket.SOCK_STREAM).

exception IsADirectoryError Raised when a file operation (such as os.remove()) is requested on a directory. Corresponds to errno EISDIR.

inspect.isclass(object) Return true if the object is a class, whether built-in or created in Python code.

default The default value for the parameter. If the parameter has no default value, this attribute is set to Parameter.empty.

raw_decode(s) Decode a JSON document from s (a str beginning with a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python representation and the index in s where the document ended. This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may have extraneous data at the end.

os.renames(old, new) Recursive directory or file renaming function. Works like rename(), except creation of any intermediate directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost path segments of the old name will be pruned away using removedirs(). Note This function can fail with the new directory structure made if you lack permissions needed to remove the leaf directory or file.

shlex.whitespace_split If True, tokens will only be split in whitespaces. This is useful, for example, for parsing command lines with shlex, getting tokens in a similar way to shell arguments.

shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False) Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at src, returning the destination directory. The destination directory, named by dst, must not already exist; it will be created as well as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories are copied with copystat(), individual files are copied using shutil.copy2(). If symlinks is true, symbolic links in the source tree a

bytes.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) bytearray.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) Split the binary sequence into subsequences of the same type, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done, the rightmost ones. If sep is not specified or None, any subsequence consisting solely of ASCII whitespace is a separator. Except for splitting from the right, rsplit() behaves like split() which is described in detail below.