turtle.begin_fill() To be called just before drawing a shape to be filled.

turtle.backward(distance) Parameters: distance – a number Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading. >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.backward(30) >>> turtle.position() (-30.00,0.00)

turtle.back(distance) turtle.bk(distance) turtle.backward(distance) Parameters: distance – a number Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading. >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.backward(30) >>> turtle.position() (-30.00,0.00)

turtle.addshape(name, shape=None) There are three different ways to call this function: name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None: Install the corresponding image shape. >>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif") Note Image shapes do not rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not display the heading of the turtle! name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape. >>> screen.register_shape("triang

tuple([iterable]) Rather than being a function, tuple is actually an immutable sequence type, as documented in Tuples and Sequence Types — list, tuple, range.

class tuple([iterable]) Tuples may be constructed in a number of ways: Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple: () Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple: a, or (a,) Separating items with commas: a, b, c or (a, b, c) Using the tuple() built-in: tuple() or tuple(iterable) The constructor builds a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable‘s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If i

tty.setraw(fd, when=termios.TCSAFLUSH) Change the mode of the file descriptor fd to raw. If when is omitted, it defaults to termios.TCSAFLUSH, and is passed to termios.tcsetattr().

tty.setcbreak(fd, when=termios.TCSAFLUSH) Change the mode of file descriptor fd to cbreak. If when is omitted, it defaults to termios.TCSAFLUSH, and is passed to termios.tcsetattr().

True The true value of the bool type. Assignments to True are illegal and raise a SyntaxError.

format(limit=None) Format the traceback as a list of lines with newlines. Use the linecache module to retrieve lines from the source code. If limit is set, only format the limit most recent frames. Similar to the traceback.format_tb() function, except that format() does not include newlines. Example: print("Traceback (most recent call first):") for line in traceback: print(line) Output: Traceback (most recent call first): File "test.py", line 9 obj = Object() File "test.py", lin