Syntax nullptr (since C++11) Explanation The keyword nullptr denotes the pointer literal. It is a prvalue of type std::nullptr_t. There exist implicit conversions from nullptr to null pointer value of any pointer type and any pointer to member type. Similar conversions exist for any null pointer constant, which includes values of type std::nullptr_t as well as the macro NULL. Example Demonstrates how nullptr allows forwarding via a template function. #include <cstddef> #

Specifies that the type is a pointer-like object which can be compared to std::nullptr_t objects. Requirements The type must meet all of the following concept requirements: EqualityComparable DefaultConstructible CopyConstructible CopyAssignable Destructible In addition, a value-initialized object of the type must produce a null value of that type. This null value shall only be equivalent to itself. Default initialization of the type may have an indeterminate value. An object of

A null-terminated wide string is a sequence of valid wide characters, ending with a null character. Functions Character classification Defined in header <cwctype> iswalnum checks if a wide character is alphanumeric (function) iswalpha checks if a wide character is alphabetic (function) iswlower checks if a wide character is lowercase (function) iswupper checks if a wide character is an uppercase character (function) iswdigit checks if a wide character i

A null-terminated multibyte string (NTMBS), or "multibyte string", is a sequence of nonzero bytes followed by a byte with value zero (the terminating null character). Each character stored in the string may occupy more than one byte. The encoding used to represent characters in a multibyte character string is locale-specific: it may be UTF-8, GB18030, EUC-JP, Shift-JIS, etc. For example, the char array {'\xe4','\xbd','\xa0','\xe5','\xa5','\xbd','\0'} is an NTMBS holding the string "你好" in UTF-8

A null-terminated byte string (NTBS) is a sequence of nonzero bytes followed by a byte with value zero (the terminating null character). Each byte in a byte string encodes one character of some character set. For example, the character array {'\x63', '\x61', '\x74', '\0'} is an NTBS holding the string "cat" in ASCII encoding. Functions Character classification Defined in header <cctype> isalnum checks if a character is alphanumeric (function) isalpha checks if a chara

Defined in header <cstddef> Defined in header <cstring> Defined in header <cwchar> Defined in header <ctime> Defined in header <cstdio> (until C++11) Defined in header <clocale> (since C++11) Defined in header <cstdlib> (since C++11) #define NULL /*implementation-defined*/ The macro NULL is an implementation-defined null pointer constant, which may be. an integral constant expression rvalue of integer

Usage alternative operators: as an alternative for !=

Usage alternative operators: as an alternative for !

A non-static member function is a function that is declared in a member specification of a class without a static or friend specifier. class S { int mf1(); // non-static member function declaration void mf2() volatile, mf3() &&; // can be cv-qualified and reference-qualified int mf4() const { return data; } // can be defined inline virtual void mf5() final; // can be virtual, can use final/override S() : data(12) {} // constructors are member functions too int da

Non-static data members are the variables that are declared in a member specification of a class. class S { int n; // non-static data member int& r; // non-static data member of reference type int a[10] = {1,2}; // non-static data member with initializer (C++11) std::string s, *ps; // two non-static data members struct NestedS { std::string s; } d5, *d6; // two non-static data members of nested type char bit : 2; // two-bit bitfield }; Any simple declarat