Usage protected access specifier

Objects, references, functions including function template specializations, and expressions have a property called type, which both restricts the operations that are permitted for those entities and provides semantic meaning to the otherwise generic sequences of bits. Type classification The C++ type system consists of the following types: fundamental types (see also std::is_fundamental): the type void (see also std::is_void); the type std::nullptr_t (see also std::is_null_pointer); a

Defined in header <locale> class locale; An object of class std::locale is an immutable indexed set of immutable facets. Each stream object of the C++ input/output library is associated with an std::locale object and uses its facets for parsing and formatting of all data. In addition, a locale object is associated with each std::basic_regex object. Locale objects can also be used as predicates that perform string collation with the standard containers and algorithms and can

Defined in header <cwctype> int iswalpha( std::wint_t ch ); Checks if the given wide character is an alphabetic character, i.e. either an uppercase letter (ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ), a lowercase letter (abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz) or any alphabetic character specific to the current locale. Parameters ch - wide character Return value Non-zero value if the wide character is a alphabetic character, 0 otherwise. Example #include <iostream> #include &l

Returns the result of specific arithmetic operation. Operator name Syntax Over​load​able Prototype examples (for class T) Inside class definition Outside class definition unary plus +a Yes T T::operator+() const; T operator+(const T &a); unary minus -a Yes T T::operator-() const; T operator-(const T &a); addition a + b Yes T T::operator+(const T2 &b) const; T operator+(const T &a, const T2 &b); subtraction a - b Yes T T::operator-

Usage friend specifier

Specifies that the type of the variable that is being declared will be automatically deduced from its initializer. For functions, specifies that the return type is a trailing return type or will be deduced from its return statements (since C++14). Syntax auto variable initializer (1) (since C++11) auto function -> return type (2) (since C++11) auto function (3) (since C++14) decltype(auto) variable initializer (4) (since C++14) decltype(auto) function (5) (sin

Defined in header <cwchar> const wchar_t* wcsrchr( const wchar_t* str, wchar_t ch ); wchar_t* wcsrchr( wchar_t* str, wchar_t ch ); Finds the last occurrence of the wide character ch in the wide string pointed to by str. Parameters str - pointer to the null-terminated wide string to be analyzed ch - wide character to search for Return value Pointer to the found character in str, or NULL if no such character is found. Example See als

Defined in header <locale> const char* scan_not (mask m, const char* beg, const char* end) const; (1) Locates the first character in the character array [beg, end) that does not satisfy the classification mask m, that is, the first character c such that table()[(unsigned char)c] & m would return false. If (unsigned char)c >= std::ctype<char>::table_size, then an implementation-defined value is substituted instead of table()[(unsigned char)c], possibly different

reference top(); const_reference top() const; Returns reference to the top element in the stack. This is the most recently pushed element. This element will be removed on a call to pop(). Effectively calls c.back(). Parameters (none). Return value Reference to the last element. Complexity Constant. Example #include <stack> #include <iostream> int main() { std::stack<int> s; s.push( 2 ); s.push( 6 ); s.push( 51 ); std::cou