void pop_back(); Removes the last element of the container. Calling pop_back on an empty container is undefined. Iterators and references to the erased element are invalidated. It is unspecified whether the past-the-end iterator is invalidated. Other references and iterators are not affected. (until C++11) Iterators and references to the erased element are invalidated. The past-the-end iterator is also invalidated. Other references and iterators are not affected. (since C++11) P

This header was originally in the C standard library as <uchar.h>. This header is part of the null-terminated multibyte strings library. Macros __STDC_UTF_16__ indicates that UTF-16 encoding is used by mbrtoc16 and c16rtomb (macro constant) __STDC_UTF_32__ indicates that UTF-32 encoding is used by mbrtoc32 and c32rtomb (macro constant) Functions mbrtoc16 (C++11) generate the next 16-bit wide character from a narrow multibyte string (function) c16rtomb (C++11)

Defined in header <system_error> std::error_condition make_error_condition( std::errc e ); (since C++11) Creates an error condition for an errc value e. Sets the error code to int(e) and error category to std::generic_category. Parameters e - standard error code Return value Error condition for e. Exceptions noexcept specification: noexcept

Defined in header <utility> template< class T1, class T2 > std::pair<T1,T2> make_pair( T1 t, T2 u ); (until C++11) template< class T1, class T2 > std::pair<V1,V2> make_pair( T1&& t, T2&& u ); (since C++11) (until C++14) template< class T1, class T2 > constexpr std::pair<V1,V2> make_pair( T1&& t, T2&& u ); (since C++14) Creates a std::pair object, deducing the target type from the types of argume

Defined in header <cwchar> std::size_t mbrlen( const char* s, std::size_t n, std::mbstate_t* ps); Determines the size, in bytes, of the remainder of the multibyte character whose first byte is pointed to by s, given the current conversion state ps. This function is equivalent to the call std::mbrtowc(nullptr, s, n, ps?ps:&internal) for some hidden object internal of type std::mbstate_t, except that the expression ps is evaluated only once. Parameters s - pointer

Defined in header <cfenv> int feclearexcept( int excepts ); (since C++11) Attempts to clear the floating-point exceptions that are listed in the bitmask argument excepts, which is a bitwise OR of the floating point exception macros. Parameters excepts - bitmask listing the exception flags to clear Return value ​0​ if all indicated exceptions were successfully cleared or if excepts is zero. Returns a non-zero value on error. Example #include <iostream&g

Smart pointers Smart pointers enable automatic, exception-safe, object lifetime management. Defined in header <memory> Pointer categories unique_ptr (C++11) smart pointer with unique object ownership semantics (class template) shared_ptr (C++11) smart pointer with shared object ownership semantics (class template) weak_ptr (C++11) weak reference to an object managed by std::shared_ptr (class template) auto_ptr (until C++17) smart pointer with strict

Defined in header <csignal> #define SIG_DFL /*implementation defined*/ #define SIG_IGN /*implementation defined*/ The SIG_DFL and SIG_IGN macros expand into integral expressions that are not equal to an address of any function. The macros define signal handling strategies for std::signal() function. Constant Explanation SIG_DFL default signal handling SIG_IGN signal is ignored See also C documentation for SIG_DFL, SIG_IGN

iostate rdstate() const; Returns the current stream error state. Parameters (none). Return value current stream error state. It is a bitmask type and can be a combination of the following constants: Constant Explanation goodbit no error badbit irrecoverable stream error failbit input/output operation failed (formatting or extraction error) eofbit associated input sequence has reached end-of-file Example #include <iostream> #include <sstream>

bool test( size_t pos ) const; Returns the value of the bit at the position pos. Unlike operator[], performs a bounds check and throws std::out_of_range if pos does not correspond to a valid position in the bitset. Parameters pos - position of the bit to return Return value true if the requested bit is set, false otherwise. Exceptions std::out_of_range if pos does not correspond to a valid position within the bitset. Example #include <iostream> #include <b