3.4 – Expressions

The basic expressions in Lua are the following: 

exp ::= prefixexp
exp ::= nil | false | true
exp ::= Numeral
exp ::= LiteralString
exp ::= functiondef
exp ::= tableconstructor
exp ::= ‘...’
exp ::= exp binop exp
exp ::= unop exp
prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘(’ exp ‘)’

Numerals and literal strings are explained in §3.1; variables are explained in §3.2; function definitions are explained in §3.4.11; function calls are explained in §3.4.10; table constructors are explained in §3.4.9. Vararg expressions, denoted by three dots ('...'), can only be used when directly inside a vararg function; they are explained in §3.4.11.

Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see §3.4.1), bitwise operators (see §3.4.2), relational operators (see §3.4.4), logical operators (see §3.4.5), and the concatenation operator (see §3.4.6). Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see §3.4.1), the unary bitwise NOT (see §3.4.2), the unary logical not (see §3.4.5), and the unary length operator (see §3.4.7).

Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values. If a function call is used as a statement (see §3.3.6), then its return list is adjusted to zero elements, thus discarding all returned values. If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element of a list of expressions, then no adjustment is made (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses). In all other contexts, Lua adjusts the result list to one element, either discarding all values except the first one or adding a single nil if there are no values.

Here are some examples: 

f()                -- adjusted to 0 results
g(f(), x)          -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
g(x, f())          -- g gets x plus all results from f()
a,b,c = f(), x     -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil)
a,b = ...          -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets
                   -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there
                   -- is no corresponding vararg parameter)

a,b,c = x, f()     -- f() is adjusted to 2 results
a,b,c = f()        -- f() is adjusted to 3 results
return f()         -- returns all results from f()
return ...         -- returns all received vararg parameters
return x,y,f()     -- returns x, y, and all results from f()
{f()}              -- creates a list with all results from f()
{...}              -- creates a list with all vararg parameters
{f(), nil}         -- f() is adjusted to 1 result

Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value. Thus, (f(x,y,z)) is always a single value, even if f returns several values. (The value of (f(x,y,z)) is the first value returned by f or nil if f does not return any values.)

Table Constructors

3.4.9 – Table Constructors Table constructors are expressions that create tables. Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created. A constructor can be used to create an empty

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Arithmetic Operators

3.4.1 – Arithmetic Operators Lua supports the following arithmetic operators: +: addition -: subtraction *:

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Coercions and Conversions

3.4.3 – Coercions and Conversions Lua provides some automatic conversions between some types and representations at run time. Bitwise operators always convert float operands to integers. Exponentiation

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Function Definitions

3.4.11 – Function Definitions The syntax for function definition is functiondef ::= function funcbody funcbody ::= ‘(’ [parlist] ‘)’ block end

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Precedence

3.4.8 – Precedence Operator precedence in Lua follows the table below, from lower to higher priority: or and < > <= >=

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Relational Operators

3.4.4 – Relational Operators Lua supports the following relational operators: ==: equality ~=: inequality <:

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The Length Operator

3.4.7 – The Length Operator The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator #. The length of a string is its number of bytes (that is, the usual meaning of

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Logical Operators

3.4.5 – Logical Operators The logical operators in Lua are and, or, and not. Like the control structures (see

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Bitwise Operators

3.4.2 – Bitwise Operators Lua supports the following bitwise operators: &: bitwise AND |: bitwise OR ~:

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Concatenation

3.4.6 – Concatenation The string concatenation operator in Lua is denoted by two dots ('..'). If both operands are strings or numbers, then they are converted to strings according

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