belongs_to

Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used if this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key, then you should use has_one instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on when to use has_one and when to use belongs_to.

Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which this object holds an id:

association(force_reload = false)

Returns the associated object. nil is returned if none is found.

association=(associate)

Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, and sets it as the foreign key.

build_association(attributes = {})

Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated with attributes and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not yet been saved.

create_association(attributes = {})

Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated with attributes, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).

create_association!(attributes = {})

Does the same as create_association, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid if the record is invalid.

(association is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so belongs_to :author would add among others author.nil?.)

Example

A Post class declares belongs_to :author, which will add:

• Post#author (similar to Author.find(author_id))

• Post#author=(author) (similar to post.author_id = author.id)

• Post#build_author (similar to post.author = Author.new)

• Post#create_author (similar to post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author)

• Post#create_author! (similar to post.author = Author.new; post.author.save!; post.author)

The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.

Options

:class_name

Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred from the association name. So belongs_to :author will by default be linked to the Author class, but if the real class name is Person, you'll have to specify it with this option.

:foreign_key

Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the association with an â_idâ suffix. So a class that defines a belongs_to :person association will use âperson_idâ as the default :foreign_key. Similarly, belongs_to :favorite_person, class_name: "Person" will use a foreign key of âfavorite_person_idâ.

:foreign_type

Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the association with a â_typeâ suffix. So a class that defines a belongs_to :taggable, polymorphic: true association will use âtaggable_typeâ as the default :foreign_type.

:primary_key

Specify the method that returns the primary key of associated object used for the association. By default this is id.

:dependent

If set to :destroy, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to :delete, the associated object is deleted without calling its destroy method. This option should not be specified when belongs_to is used in conjunction with a has_many relationship on another class because of the potential to leave orphaned records behind.

:counter_cache

Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of increment_counter and decrement_counter. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this class is created and decremented when it's destroyed. This requires that a column named #{table_name}_count (such as comments_count for a belonging Comment class) is used on the associate class (such as a Post class) - that is the migration for #{table_name}_count is created on the associate class (such that Post.comments_count will return the count cached, see note below). You can also specify a custom counter cache column by providing a column name instead of a true/false value to this option (e.g., counter_cache: :my_custom_counter.) Note: Specifying a counter cache will add it to that model's list of readonly attributes using attr_readonly.

:polymorphic

Specify this association is a polymorphic association by passing true. Note: If you've enabled the counter cache, then you may want to add the counter cache attribute to the attr_readonly list in the associated classes (e.g. class Post; attr_readonly :comments_count; end).

:validate

If false, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. false by default.

:autosave

If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction, when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object. By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.

Note that accepts_nested_attributes_for sets :autosave to true.

:touch

If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to now) when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute will be updated with the current time in addition to the updated_at/on attribute.

:inverse_of

Specifies the name of the has_one or has_many association on the associated object that is the inverse of this belongs_to association. Does not work in combination with the :polymorphic options. See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.

Option examples:

belongs_to :firm, foreign_key: "client_of"
belongs_to :person, primary_key: "name", foreign_key: "person_name"
belongs_to :author, class_name: "Person", foreign_key: "author_id"
belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > ?", o.payments_count },
                          class_name: "Coupon", foreign_key: "coupon_id"
belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
belongs_to :project, readonly: true
belongs_to :post, counter_cache: true
belongs_to :company, touch: true
belongs_to :company, touch: :employees_last_updated_at