Pipes

Every application starts out with what seems like a simple task: get data, transform them, and show them to users. Getting data could be as simple as creating a local variable or as complex as streaming data over a Websocket.

Once data arrive, we could push their raw toString values directly to the view. That rarely makes for a good user experience. E.g., almost everyone prefers a simple birthday date like April 15, 1988 to the original raw string format — Fri Apr 15 1988 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time).

Clearly some values benefit from a bit of massage. We soon discover that we desire many of the same transformations repeatedly, both within and across many applications. We almost think of them as styles. In fact, we'd like to apply them in our HTML templates as we do styles.

Introducing Angular pipes, a way to write display-value transformations that we can declare in our HTML! Try the live example.

Using Pipes

A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. We'll illustrate by transforming a component's birthday property into a human-friendly date.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'hero-birthday',
  template: `<p>The hero's birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class HeroBirthdayComponent {
  birthday = new Date(1988, 3, 15); // April 15, 1988
}

Focus on the component's template.

<p>The hero's birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>

Inside the interpolation expression we flow the component's birthday value through the pipe operator ( | ) to the Date pipe function on the right. All pipes work this way.

<script src="https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?features=Intl.~locale.en"></script>

Built-in pipes

Angular comes with a stock of pipes such as DatePipe, UpperCasePipe, LowerCasePipe, CurrencyPipe, and PercentPipe. They are all immediately available for use in any template.

Parameterizing a Pipe

A pipe may accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output. We add parameters to a pipe by following the pipe name with a colon ( : ) and then the parameter value (e.g., currency:'EUR'). If our pipe accepts multiple parameters, we separate the values with colons (e.g. slice:1:5)

We'll modify our birthday template to give the date pipe a format parameter. After formatting the hero's April 15th birthday, it should render as 04/15/88:

<p>The hero's birthday is {{ birthday | date:"MM/dd/yy" }} </p>

The parameter value can be any valid template expression such as a string literal or a component property. In other words, we can control the format through a binding the same way we control the birthday value through a binding.

Let's write a second component that binds the pipe's format parameter to the component's format property. Here's the template for that component:

template: `
  <p>The hero's birthday is {{ birthday | date:format }}</p>
  <button (click)="toggleFormat()">Toggle Format</button>
`

We also added a button to the template and bound its click event to the component's toggleFormat() method. That method toggles the component's format property between a short form ('shortDate') and a longer form ('fullDate').

export class HeroBirthday2Component {
  birthday = new Date(1988, 3, 15); // April 15, 1988
  toggle = true; // start with true == shortDate

  get format()   { return this.toggle ? 'shortDate' : 'fullDate'; }
  toggleFormat() { this.toggle = !this.toggle; }
}

As we click the button, the displayed date alternates between "04/15/1988" and "Friday, April 15, 1988".

Chaining pipes

We can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations. In the following example, we chain the birthday to the DatePipe and on to the UpperCasePipe so we can display the birthday in uppercase. The following birthday displays as APR 15, 1988.

The chained hero's birthday is
{{ birthday | date | uppercase}}

This example — which displays FRIDAY, APRIL 15, 1988 — chains the same pipes as above, but passes in a parameter to date as well.

The chained hero's birthday is
{{  birthday | date:'fullDate' | uppercase}}

Custom Pipes

We can write our own custom pipes. Here's a custom pipe named ExponentialStrengthPipe that can boost a hero's powers:

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';
/*
 * Raise the value exponentially
 * Takes an exponent argument that defaults to 1.
 * Usage:
 *   value | exponentialStrength:exponent
 * Example:
 *   {{ 2 |  exponentialStrength:10}}
 *   formats to: 1024
*/
@Pipe({name: 'exponentialStrength'})
export class ExponentialStrengthPipe implements PipeTransform {
  transform(value: number, exponent: string): number {
    let exp = parseFloat(exponent);
    return Math.pow(value, isNaN(exp) ? 1 : exp);
  }
}

This pipe definition reveals several key points:

• A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata.

• The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform method that accepts an input value followed by optional parameters and returns the transformed value.

• There will be one additional argument to the transform method for each parameter passed to the pipe. Our pipe has one such parameter: the exponent.

• We tell Angular that this is a pipe by applying the @Pipe decorator which we import from the core Angular library.

• The @Pipe decorator allows us to define the pipe name that we'll use within template expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier. Our pipe's name is exponentialStrength.

Now we need a component to demonstrate our pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'power-booster',
  template: `
    <h2>Power Booster</h2>
    <p>Super power boost: {{2 | exponentialStrength: 10}}</p>
  `
})
export class PowerBoosterComponent { }

Two things to note:

1. We use our custom pipe the same way we use the built-in pipes.

2. We must include our pipe in the declarations array of the AppModule.

If we try the live example, we can probe its behavior by changing the value and the optional exponent in the template.

Power Boost Calculator (extra-credit)

It's not much fun updating the template to test our custom pipe. We could upgrade the example to a "Power Boost Calculator" that combines our pipe and two-way data binding with ngModel.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'power-boost-calculator',
  template: `
    <h2>Power Boost Calculator</h2>
    <div>Normal power: <input [(ngModel)]="power"></div>
    <div>Boost factor: <input [(ngModel)]="factor"></div>
    <p>
      Super Hero Power: {{power | exponentialStrength: factor}}
    </p>
  `
})
export class PowerBoostCalculatorComponent {
  power = 5;
  factor = 1;
}

Pipes and Change Detection

Angular looks for changes to data-bound values through a change detection process that runs after every JavaScript event: every keystroke, mouse move, timer tick, and server response. This could be expensive. Angular strives to lower the cost whenever possible and appropriate.

Angular picks a simpler, faster change detection algorithm when we use a pipe. Let's see how.

No pipe

The component in our next example uses the default, aggressive change detection strategy to monitor and update its display of every hero in the heroes array. Here's the template:

New hero:
  <input type="text" #box
          (keyup.enter)="addHero(box.value); box.value=''"
          placeholder="hero name">
  <button (click)="reset()">Reset</button>
  <div *ngFor="let hero of heroes">
    {{hero.name}}
  </div>

The companion component class provides heroes, adds new heroes into the array, and can reset the array.

export class FlyingHeroesComponent {
  heroes: any[] = [];
  canFly = true;
  constructor() { this.reset(); }

  addHero(name: string) {
    name = name.trim();
    if (!name) { return; }
    let hero = {name, canFly: this.canFly};
    this.heroes.push(hero);
  }

  reset() { this.heroes = HEROES.slice(); }
}

We can add a new hero and Angular updates the display when we do. The reset button replaces heroes with a new array of the original heroes and Angular updates the display when we do. If we added the ability to remove or change a hero, Angular would detect those changes too and update the display as well.

Flying Heroes pipe

Let's add a FlyingHeroesPipe to the *ngFor repeater that filters the list of heroes to just those heroes who can fly.

<div *ngFor="let hero of (heroes | flyingHeroes)">
  {{hero.name}}
</div>

Here's the FlyingHeroesPipe implementation which follows the pattern for custom pipes we saw earlier.

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

import { Flyer } from './heroes';

@Pipe({ name: 'flyingHeroes' })
export class FlyingHeroesPipe implements PipeTransform {
  transform(allHeroes: Flyer[]) {
    return allHeroes.filter(hero => hero.canFly);
  }
}

When we run the sample now we see odd behavior (try it in the live example). Every hero we add is a flying hero but none of them are displayed.

Although we're not getting the behavior we want, Angular isn't broken. It's just using a different change detection algorithm — one that ignores changes to the list or any of its items.

Look at how we're adding a new hero:

this.heroes.push(hero);

We're adding the new hero into the heroes array. The reference to the array hasn't changed. It's the same array. That's all Angular cares about. From its perspective, same array, no change, no display update.

We can fix that. Let's create a new array with the new hero appended and assign that to heroes. This time Angular detects that the array reference has changed. It executes the pipe and updates the display with the new array which includes the new flying hero.

If we mutate the array, no pipe is invoked and no display updated; if we replace the array, then the pipe executes and the display is updated. The Flying Heroes extends the code with checkbox switches and additional displays to help us experience these effects.

Replacing the array is an efficient way to signal to Angular that it should update the display. When do we replace the array? When the data change. That's an easy rule to follow in this toy example where the only way to change the data is by adding a new hero.

More often we don't know when the data have changed, especially in applications that mutate data in many ways, perhaps in application locations far away. A component in such an application usually can't know about those changes. Moreover, it's unwise to distort our component design to accommodate a pipe. We strive as much as possible to keep the component class independent of the HTML. The component should be unaware of pipes.

Perhaps we should consider a different kind of pipe for filtering flying heroes, an impure pipe.

Pure and Impure Pipes

There are two categories of pipes: pure and impure. Pipes are pure by default. Every pipe we've seen so far has been pure. We make a pipe impure by setting its pure flag to false. We could make the FlyingHeroesPipe impure like this:

@Pipe({
  name: 'flyingHeroesImpure',
  pure: false
})

Before we do that, let's understand the difference between pure and impure, starting with a pure pipe.

Pure pipes

Angular executes a pure pipe only when it detects a pure change to the input value. A pure change is either a change to a primitive input value (String, Number, Boolean, Symbol) or a changed object reference (Date, Array, Function, Object).

Angular ignores changes within (composite) objects. It won't call a pure pipe if we change an input month, add to an input array, or update an input object property.

This may seem restrictive but is is also fast. An object reference check is fast — much faster than a deep check for differences — so Angular can quickly determine if it can skip both the pipe execution and a view update.

For this reason, we prefer a pure pipe if we can live with the change detection strategy. When we can't, we may turn to the impure pipe.

Impure pipes

Angular executes an impure pipe during every component change detection cycle. An impure pipe will be called a lot, as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.

With that concern in mind, we must implement an impure pipe with great care. An expensive, long-running pipe could destroy the user experience.

An impure FlyingHeroesPipe

A flip of the switch turns our FlyingHeroesPipe into a FlyingHeroesImpurePipe. Here's the complete implementation:

@Pipe({
  name: 'flyingHeroesImpure',
  pure: false
})
export class FlyingHeroesImpurePipe extends FlyingHeroesPipe {}

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

import { Flyer } from './heroes';

@Pipe({ name: 'flyingHeroes' })
export class FlyingHeroesPipe implements PipeTransform {
  transform(allHeroes: Flyer[]) {
    return allHeroes.filter(hero => hero.canFly);
  }
}

We inherit from FlyingHeroesPipe to prove the point that nothing changed internally. The only difference is the pure flag in the pipe metadata.

This is a good candidate for an impure pipe because the transform function is trivial and fast.

return allHeroes.filter(hero => hero.canFly);

<div *ngFor="let hero of (heroes | flyingHeroesImpure)">
  {{hero.name}}
</div>

The only substantive change is the pipe in the template. We can confirm in the live example that the flying heroes display updates as we enter new heroes even when we mutate the heroes array.

The impure AsyncPipe

The Angular AsyncPipe is an interesting example of an impure pipe. The AsyncPipe accepts a Promise or Observable as input and subscribes to the input automatically, eventually returning the emitted value(s).

It is also stateful. The pipe maintains a subscription to the input Observable and keeps delivering values from that Observable as they arrive.

In this next example, we bind an Observable of message strings (message$) to a view with the async pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Rx';

@Component({
  selector: 'hero-message',
  template: `
    <h2>Async Hero Message and AsyncPipe</h2>
    <p>Message: {{ message$ | async }}</p>
    <button (click)="resend()">Resend</button>`,
})
export class HeroAsyncMessageComponent {
  message$: Observable<string>;

  private messages = [
    'You are my hero!',
    'You are the best hero!',
    'Will you be my hero?'
  ];

  constructor() { this.resend(); }

  resend() {
    this.message$ = Observable.interval(500)
      .map(i => this.messages[i])
      .take(this.messages.length);
  }
}

The Async pipe saves boilerplate in the component code. The component doesn't have to subscribe to the async data source, it doesn't extract the resolved values and expose them for binding, and the component doesn't have to unsubscribe when it is destroyed (a potent source of memory leaks).

An impure caching pipe

Let's write one more impure pipe, a pipe that makes an HTTP request to the server. Normally, that's a horrible idea. It's probably a horrible idea no matter what we do. We're forging ahead anyway to make a point. Remember that impure pipes are called every few microseconds. If we're not careful, this pipe will punish the server with requests.

We are careful. Our pipe only makes a server call if the request URL has changed. It caches the request URL and waits for a result which it also caches when it arrives. The pipe returns the cached result (which is null while a request is in flight) after every Angular call and only contacts the server as necessary.

Here's the code, which uses the Angular http facility to retrieve a heroes.json file:

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';
import { Http }                from '@angular/http';

@Pipe({
  name: 'fetch',
  pure: false
})
export class FetchJsonPipe  implements PipeTransform {
  private fetchedJson: any = null;
  private prevUrl = '';

  constructor(private _http: Http) { }

  transform(url: string): any {
    if (url !== this.prevUrl) {
      this.prevUrl = url;
      this.fetchedJson = null;
      this._http.get(url)
        .map( result => result.json() )
        .subscribe( result => this.fetchedJson = result );
    }

    return this.fetchedJson;
  }
}

Then we demonstrate it in a harness component whose template defines two bindings to this pipe.

template: `
  <h2>Heroes from JSON File</h2>

  <div *ngFor="let hero of ('heroes.json' | fetch) ">
    {{hero.name}}
  </div>

  <p>Heroes as JSON:
  {{'heroes.json' | fetch | json}}
  </p>
`

Despite the two bindings and what we know to be frequent pipe calls, the nework tab in the browser developer tools confirms that there is only one request for the file.

The component renders like this:

JsonPipe

The second binding involving the FetchPipe uses more pipe chaining. We take the same fetched results displayed in the first binding and display them again, this time in JSON format by chaining through to the built-in JsonPipe.

Here's the complete component implementation:

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'hero-list',
  template: `
    <h2>Heroes from JSON File</h2>

    <div *ngFor="let hero of ('heroes.json' | fetch) ">
      {{hero.name}}
    </div>

    <p>Heroes as JSON:
    {{'heroes.json' | fetch | json}}
    </p>
  `
})
export class HeroListComponent { }

Pure pipes and pure functions

A pure pipe uses pure functions. Pure functions process inputs and return values without detectable side-effects. Given the same input they should always return the same output.

The pipes we saw earlier in this chapter were implemented with pure functions. The built-in DatePipe is a pure pipe with a pure function implementation. So is our ExponentialStrengthPipe. So is our FlyingHeroesPipe. A few steps back we reviewed the FlyingHeroesImpurePipe — an impure pipe with a pure function.

But a pure pipe must always be implemented with a pure function. Failure to heed this warning will bring about many a console errors regarding expressions that have changed after they were checked.

Next Steps

Pipes are a great way to encapsulate and share common display-value transformations. We use them like styles, dropping them into our templates expressions to enrich the appeal and usability of our views.

Explore Angular's inventory of built-in pipes in the API Reference. Try writing a custom pipe and perhaps contributing it to the community.

No FilterPipe or OrderByPipe

Angular does not ship with pipes for filtering or sorting lists. Developers familiar with Angular 1 know these as filter and orderBy. There are no equivalents in Angular 2.

This is not an oversight. Angular 2 is unlikely to offer such pipes because (a) they perform poorly and (b) they prevent aggressive minification. Both filter and orderBy require parameters that reference object properties. We learned earlier that such pipes must be impure and that Angular calls impure pipes in almost every change detection cycle.

Filtering and especially sorting are expensive operations. The user experience can degrade severely for even moderate sized lists when Angular calls these pipe methods many times per second. The filter and orderBy have often been abused in Angular 1 apps, leading to complaints that Angular itself is slow. That charge is fair in the indirect sense that Angular 1 prepared this performance trap by offering filter and orderBy in the first place.

The minification hazard is also compelling if less obvious. Imagine a sorting pipe applied to a list of heroes. We might sort the list by hero name and planet of origin properties something like this:

<!-- NOT REAL CODE! -->
<div *ngFor="let hero of heroes | orderBy:'name,planet'"></div>

We identify the sort fields by text strings, expecting the pipe to reference a property value by indexing (e.g., hero['name']). Unfortunately, aggressive minification munges the Hero property names so that Hero.name and Hero.planet becomes something like Hero.a and Hero.b. Clearly hero['name'] is not going to work.

Some of us may not care to minify this aggressively. That's our choice. But the Angular product should not prevent someone else from minifying aggressively. Therefore, the Angular team decided that everything shipped in Angular will minify safely.

The Angular team and many experienced Angular developers strongly recommend that you move filtering and sorting logic into the component itself. The component can expose a filteredHeroes or sortedHeroes property and take control over when and how often to execute the supporting logic. Any capabilities that you would have put in a pipe and shared across the app can be written in a filtering/sorting service and injected into the component.

If these performance and minification considerations do not apply to you, you can always create your own such pipes (along the lines of the FlyingHeroesPipe) or find them in the community.