reference back(); (since C++11) const_reference back() const; (since C++11) (until C++14) constexpr const_reference back() const; (since C++14) Returns reference to the last element in the container. Calling back on an empty container is undefined. Parameters (none). Return value Reference to the last element. Complexity Constant. Notes For a container c, the expression return c.back(); is equivalent to { auto tmp = c.end(); --tmp; return *tmp; } Example The

reference at( size_type pos ); (since C++11) const_reference at( size_type pos ) const; (since C++11) (until C++14) constexpr const_reference at( size_type pos ) const; (since C++14) Returns a reference to the element at specified location pos, with bounds checking. If pos not within the range of the container, an exception of type std::out_of_range is thrown. Parameters pos - position of the element to return Return value Reference to the requested eleme

Defined in header <array> template< class T, std::size_t N > struct array; (since C++11) std::array is a container that encapsulates fixed size arrays. This container is an aggregate type with the same semantics as a struct holding a C-style array T[N] as its only non-static data member. Unlike a C-style array, it doesn't decay to T* automatically. As an aggregate type, it can be initialized with aggregate-initialization given at most N initializers that ar

Defined in header <complex> template< class T > T arg( const complex<T>& z ); (1) long double arg( long double z ); (2) (since C++11) template< class DoubleOrIngeter > double arg( DoubleOrInteger z ); (3) (since C++11) float arg( float z ); (4) (since C++11) Calculates the phase angle (in radians) of the complex number z. (since C++11)Additional overloads are provided for float, double, long double, and all integer types, which are t

Defined in header <algorithm> template< class InputIt, class UnaryPredicate > bool all_of( InputIt first, InputIt last, UnaryPredicate p ); (1) (since C++11) template< class InputIt, class UnaryPredicate > bool any_of( InputIt first, InputIt last, UnaryPredicate p ); (2) (since C++11) template< class InputIt, class UnaryPredicate > bool none_of( InputIt first, InputIt last, UnaryPredicate p ); (3) (since C++11) 1) Checks if unary predicate p r

Defined in header <memory> static Alloc select_on_container_copy_construction( const Alloc& a ); (since C++11) If possible, obtains the copy-constructed version of the allocator a, by calling a.select_on_container_copy_construction(). If the above is not possible (e.g. a does not have the member function select_on_container_copy_construction(), then returns a, unmodified. This function is called by the copy constructors of all standard library containers. It allows the

Defined in header <memory> static size_type max_size( const Alloc& a ); (since C++11) If possible, obtains the maximum theoretically possible allocation size from the allocator a, by calling. a.max_size(). If the above is not possible (e.g. a does not have the member function max_size()), then returns std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() (until C++17)std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / sizeof(value_type) (since C++17). Parameters (none). Return v

Defined in header <memory> template< class T > static void destroy( Alloc& a, T* p ); (since C++11) Calls the destructor of the object pointed to by p. If possible, does so by calling a.destroy(p). If not possible (e.g. a does not have the member function destroy(), then calls the destructor of *p directly, as p->~T(). Parameters a - allocator to use for destruction p - pointer to the object being destroyed Return value (none). Notes Beca

Defined in header <memory> static void deallocate( Alloc& a, pointer p, size_type n ); (since C++11) Uses the allocator a to deallocate the storage referenced by p, by calling a.deallocate(p, n). Parameters a - allocator to use p - pointer to the previously allocated storage n - the number of objects the storage was allocated for Return value (none). See also allocate [static] allocates uninitialized storage using the allocator (public

Defined in header <memory> template< class T, class... Args > static void construct( Alloc& a, T* p, Args&&... args ); (since C++11) If possible, constructs an object of type T in allocated uninitialized storage pointed to by p, by calling. a.construct(p, std::forward<Args>(args)...). If the above is not possible (e.g. a does not have the member function construct(),), then calls placement-new as. ::new (static_cast<void*>(p)) T(std::forward<