sklearn.manifold.locally_linear_embedding()

sklearn.manifold.locally_linear_embedding(X, n_neighbors, n_components, reg=0.001, eigen_solver='auto', tol=1e-06, max_iter=100, method='standard', hessian_tol=0.0001, modified_tol=1e-12, random_state=None, n_jobs=1) [source]

Perform a Locally Linear Embedding analysis on the data.

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters:

X : {array-like, sparse matrix, BallTree, KDTree, NearestNeighbors} Sample data, shape = (n_samples, n_features), in the form of a numpy array, sparse array, precomputed tree, or NearestNeighbors object. n_neighbors : integer number of neighbors to consider for each point. n_components : integer number of coordinates for the manifold. reg : float regularization constant, multiplies the trace of the local covariance matrix of the distances. eigen_solver : string, {?auto?, ?arpack?, ?dense?} auto : algorithm will attempt to choose the best method for input data arpack : use arnoldi iteration in shift-invert mode.

For this method, M may be a dense matrix, sparse matrix, or general linear operator. Warning: ARPACK can be unstable for some problems. It is best to try several random seeds in order to check results.

dense

: use standard dense matrix operations for the eigenvalue

decomposition. For this method, M must be an array or matrix type. This method should be avoided for large problems.

tol : float, optional

Tolerance for ?arpack? method Not used if eigen_solver==?dense?.

max_iter : integer

maximum number of iterations for the arpack solver.

method : {?standard?, ?hessian?, ?modified?, ?ltsa?}

standard

: use the standard locally linear embedding algorithm.

see reference [R190]

hessian

: use the Hessian eigenmap method. This method requires

n_neighbors > n_components * (1 + (n_components + 1) / 2. see reference [R191]

modified

: use the modified locally linear embedding algorithm.

see reference [R192]

ltsa

: use local tangent space alignment algorithm

see reference [R193]

hessian_tol : float, optional

Tolerance for Hessian eigenmapping method. Only used if method == ?hessian?

modified_tol : float, optional

Tolerance for modified LLE method. Only used if method == ?modified?

random_state: numpy.RandomState or int, optional :

The generator or seed used to determine the starting vector for arpack iterations. Defaults to numpy.random.

n_jobs : int, optional (default = 1)

The number of parallel jobs to run for neighbors search. If -1, then the number of jobs is set to the number of CPU cores.

Returns:

Y : array-like, shape [n_samples, n_components]

Embedding vectors.

squared_error : float

Reconstruction error for the embedding vectors. Equivalent to norm(Y - W Y, 'fro')**2, where W are the reconstruction weights.

References

[R190]

(1, 2) Roweis, S. & Saul, L. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 290:2323 (2000).

[R191]

(1, 2) Donoho, D. & Grimes, C. Hessian eigenmaps: Locally linear embedding techniques for high-dimensional data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100:5591 (2003).

[R192]

(1, 2) Zhang, Z. & Wang, J. MLLE: Modified Locally Linear Embedding Using Multiple Weights. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.70.382

[R193]

(1, 2) Zhang, Z. & Zha, H. Principal manifolds and nonlinear dimensionality reduction via tangent space alignment. Journal of Shanghai Univ. 8:406 (2004)

Examples using sklearn.manifold.locally_linear_embedding